Two ways, one per call

With a body: you send subject, from, and html or text. With a template: you send templateId and variables. Subject and sender come from the template. Mixing the two is rejected — sending templateId alongside subject is ambiguous, and guessing which wins would produce a message nobody asked for.
These fields appear optional in the reference schema because the requirement is between them, not on each one. subject and from are required when there is no template.

Every recipient counts

One call to three people uses three of your quota. to, cc, and bcc add up, to a maximum of 50 per message.
Send text alongside html. HTML-only mail scores worse with filters, and some people read in clients that do not render HTML. It is the cheapest difference there is between inbox and spam.

Marketing is a different class

type: 'MARKETING' leaves through a pool of IPs separate from transactional. The separation exists so that one bad campaign does not take down anyone’s password reset — the two reputations are measured apart precisely because one must not contaminate the other. Marketing requires one recipient per message: the unsubscribe link is a header of the message, so one copy sent to fifty would carry the same link and forty-nine buttons would unsubscribe a stranger.

What the response means

The response comes back before the message leaves — it enters the queue. To know whether it arrived, use webhooks or fetch the message later: it carries the timeline of delivery events.